The Problem With L2s: Heavy Traffic, Low Contribution

Until now, the Ethereum mainnet has not charged base fees from Layer-2 networks. This meant that despite L2s such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base processing millions of transactions each day, they contributed almost nothing to Ethereum’s burn mechanism. This issue has long been criticized by the Ethereum community as an “economically unfair system.”

What Does Fusaka Change?

With Fusaka, the model introduced by EIP-7918 will require L2s to pay fees based on the actual cost of executing transactions on Ethereum. This establishes a transparent and responsive pricing system. One of the most important impacts is that the new mechanism disciplines L2 fee markets, preventing extreme gas spikes. During periods of high activity, L2 users will no longer encounter excessively high fees, as costs will be capped and aligned with L1 execution costs.

At the same time, EIP-7918 will make L2s pay a meaningful base fee to Ethereum for the first time. All of these fees will be added to Ethereum’s burn mechanism, contributing to the reduction of ETH supply. Experts note that although the initial burn contribution may be small, the impact will grow significantly as L2 networks scale—eventually burning millions of dollars’ worth of ETH.

A “Double Benefit” Model for L1 and L2

According to Ethereum developers, Fusaka is not just a fee update—it is a long-term economic restructuring. L2 networks will move to a more equitable cost model, while Ethereum L1 strengthens the sustainability of its deflationary framework.

The new system introduces two major advantages:

1. L2 networks will begin contributing to Ethereum’s security costs,
2. Ethereum will enhance its burn mechanism, reducing supply more effectively.

This upgrade resolves the long-standing economic misalignment between L1 and L2 in a systematic way for the first time.

A New Era for ETH Economics

The Fusaka upgrade is seen not just as a technical improvement, but as a major redesign of Ethereum’s economic architecture. Experts say the change will:

• Strengthen Ethereum’s deflationary model
• Enhance the long-term sustainability of L2 networks
• Create a healthier, more balanced financial structure for the entire ecosystem

This is why the December 3 upgrade is being viewed by both developers and investors as “the beginning of a new economic era” for Ethereum.

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What’s Changing With Fusaka?

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) — responsible for executing smart contracts — will undergo significant protocol upgrades:

• New container format for smart contract bytecode, introducing better structure and clarity.
• Header (0xEF00 value) followed by a version number for future upgrades.
• Section table to provide metadata about the contract.
• Separated code and data sections, making contracts easier to analyze and verify.

This structure is designed to streamline EVM operations, increase efficiency, and provide a cleaner development environment for smart contract engineers.

Goodbye “JUMP”, Hello “RJUMP”

Currently, EVM uses JUMP and JUMPI to redirect execution to arbitrary bytecode positions — a method that can conceal malicious code.
Through EIP-4200 and EIP-4750, these dynamic jumps will be replaced by safer alternatives like CALLF (function call) and RETF (return from function). Additionally, RJUMP and RJUMPI will mandate hardcoded destinations within the bytecode.

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Controversy Surrounding EOF

However, not everyone supports EOF.
Developer Pascal Caversaccio and others have raised concerns that:

• EOF is overly complex,
• It adds unnecessary layers to an already intricate EVM system,
• It could open new vulnerabilities by requiring significant tooling upgrades,
• It might force indefinite maintenance of the legacy EVM.

A recent ETHPulse poll revealed that voters holding nearly 17,745 ETH oppose the EOF upgrade, while only a few holders with less than 300 ETH support it.

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