Project Concept

Lighter is a fully verifiable decentralized perpetual futures and spot trading platform built on Ethereum using a custom ZK infrastructure.

The project addresses a key problem in DeFi: combining the speed and efficiency of centralized exchanges with the security and transparency of on-chain decentralized trading. All trades, including order matching and liquidations, are cryptographically verified using zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs on Ethereum.

How the Platform Works

Lighter operates as a ZK-rollup perpetual DEX with the following flow:

• Users place orders on ETH, USDC, or other supported assets.
• Custom ZK circuits match orders and evaluate risks.
• Trades are batched and verified with SNARK proofs, then submitted to Ethereum.
• Liquidations and funding are managed via Chainlink oracles; isolated and cross margin supported, with leverage from 3x–25x.

The platform is compatible with the Arbitrum network and operates in a non-custodial and permissionless manner. On Lighter, market makers earn revenue from the spread by providing liquidity, while takers pay a taker fee for executing trades.

Team and Founders

• Founder & CEO – Vladimir Novakovski: Graduated from Harvard at 18 and became CEO at 22. Previously co-founded the AI social network Lunchclub, which pivoted to focus on Lighter. Extensive experience in engineering and trading.
• Engineering Lead – Emin Ayar: Core team member responsible for developing the platform’s technical infrastructure.

The team brings DeFi and blockchain expertise to build a high-performance perpetual trading platform.

Investors and Key Partners

Lighter is backed by prominent crypto and tech investors:

• Founders Fund
• Haun Ventures
• Ribbit Capital
• Andreessen Horowitz (a16z)
• Lightspeed Ventures
• Dragonfly Capital
• Robinhood Markets (partner)

These partnerships enhance the project’s credibility and long-term potential.

Governance

Currently, Lighter is centrally governed by the team and investors. The token (LIT) has not yet been launched, so DAO or token-based governance is inactive. Future token release may enable community-led decision-making.

Roadmap

While a public roadmap is limited, recent developments and funding milestones include:

• 2022–2024: Setup, seed funding, and testnet launch.
• 2025 Q1–Q3: Public mainnet launched, perpetual products expanded (ICP, FIL, STRK) with FX and equity perps added (GBP/USD, AAPL, NVDA).
• 2025 Q4: Spot trading mainnet live (ETH/USDC), mobile integration, and RWA expansion (commodities, equities).
• Future: Institutional APIs, multi-chain derivatives, token generation event (TGE), and monetization tools.

The platform has 500,000+ users and cumulative trading volume exceeding $279 billion.

Token Information

• Total Supply: 1,000,000,000 LIT
• Max Supply: 1,000,000,000 LIT

Token Use Cases

Although the token is not yet released, potential use cases include:

• Platform governance
• Liquidity incentives
• Community and trading rewards
• Converting the points program into a token economy

Currently, rewards are distributed through the points system.

Ecosystem

Lighter’s ecosystem includes:

• Perpetual futures infrastructure
• Points reward program
• Layer 2 zk-rollup protocol
• Cryptographically verifiable order matching and liquidations
• Developer tools and API support
• Community channels (X/Twitter, Discord)

Performance and Features

• Scalability: Tens of thousands of orders per second with millisecond latency.
• Efficiency: Zero fees for retail, HFT-optimized infrastructure, custom ZK circuits.
• Verifiability: All trades are publicly verified via SNARK proofs.
• Security: Ethereum-based, non-custodial, MEV-protected.
• Multi-Market Support: Perps, spot, FX, equity, and RWA; leverage 3x–25x, isolated margin, funding.
• Institutional Tools: Low-latency APIs, liquidity pools, Chainlink integration.
• Mobile & Integrations: Liquid mobile access, automated liquidation via XLP.

Official Links

• Website
• Twitter
• Telegram
• Discord

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The post What is Lighter (LIT) ? appeared first on Coin Engineer.

The native token, PROM, plays a critical role in network fees, security, and governance, similar to MATIC on Polygon.

Team & Investors

Founders: Experienced blockchain and crypto professionals with expertise in ZK technology, Ethereum compatibility, and distributed high-performance networks.
Key Investors & Partners: Supported by blockchain investors and strategic partners contributing to network security, liquidity, and ecosystem growth.

Purpose & Functionality

• ZK-Rollups: Off-chain transactions are aggregated and verified with a single zero-knowledge proof.

• EVM Compatibility: Deploy Ethereum smart contracts seamlessly.

• Security: Maintains Ethereum-level security.

Prom ensures safe and fast asset transfers and dApp development for both users and developers.

Core Components

• zkNode: Software to run Prom nodes. Supports roles like JSON RPC, Sequencer, and Aggregator.

• zkProver: Produces ZK proofs for multiple batches and combines them into a single validity proof.

• Multichain Bridge: Transfers assets across Ethereum, BSC, Optimism, Arbitrum, and Polygon using Official Bridge and Hyperlane technology.

Governance (Prom DAO)

• Delegates: $PROM holders delegate voting power.

• Validators: Verify proposals and secure network governance.

• Members: $PROM holders can propose and vote on network decisions.

Economic Incentives: Delegates and validators share 32% of network fees, rewarding active governance participation.

Roadmap

• Initial: Deploy Marco devices and validator infrastructure.

• Mid-Term: Integrate energy, agriculture, logistics, and climate data.

• Development: Expand dApps and cross-chain bridge integrations for multichain support.

PROM Token

• Total Supply: 19.25M PROM
  Max Supply: 19.25M PROM
  Circulating Supply: 18.25M PROM

Token Utility:

• Gas Fees: Transactions and smart contract execution.

• Governance: Participate in Prom DAO.

• Network Access: Use Prom services and applications.

• Validator Participation: Run a node to support the network.

Token Allocation:

• Team & Advisors: 5.19%

• Company Reserve: 15.58%

• Private Investors: 18.18%

• Reserved for Minting: 46.75%

• Ecosystem: 5.19%

• Public Sale: 3.86%

• Liquidity Pool: 5.23%

Ecosystem & Features

• zkNode: Ensures node operation, transaction verification, and network synchronization.

• Multichain Bridge: Supports Ethereum, BSC, Optimism, Arbitrum, and Polygon.

• High Speed & Low Fees: ZK-Rollups reduce costs and increase throughput.

• EVM Compatibility: Existing Ethereum dApps work seamlessly.

Supported Chains

• Ethereum

• Binance Smart Chain (BSC)

• Optimism

• Arbitrum

• Polygon

Official Links

• Website
• Twitter
• Telegram
• Youtube

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Layers: Dual-layer structure with off-chain and on-chain networks.
Transaction Speed: Near-instant transactions via zk-rollup technology.
Low Fees: Costs below ~$0.007 per transaction. 

Investors and Key Partners 

Moonchain collaborates with a variety of investors and partners: 

1. VC & Institutional Support: OKX Ventures, UOB Venture Management, CITIC Capital, Global JDI 
2. Infrastructure & Launchpad Partners: Drop Wireless, UXUY 
3. DePIN & IoT Partners: IoTeX, Drife, Airo Systems, BlueberryRing, Tailz 
4. RWA & Real-World Projects: ANGO, RewardsBunny 

Project Vision 

Moonchain aims to operate decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN) quickly, securely, and at scale, supporting IoT devices and AI applications. It also tokenizes real-world assets on-chain, enhancing the DePIN ecosystem. 

How It Works 

• Off-Chain Network: 40,000+ DePIN gateways and sensors 
• On-Chain Network: Independently verifiable nodes 
• zk-rollup Technology: Ultra-fast, low-cost Layer 3 transactions on Ethereum 
• Native dApps: NFT Marketplace, Swapping dApp, MNS, XSD Lending/Borrowing Protocol 

zkEVM & Beam Chain Technology

• zkEVM-based Layer 3 blockchain 
• BeamSNARKS zero-knowledge proofs for privacy and verifiability 
• Rust-based code transferred to BeamSNARKS protocol and MXC Circuit 
• MXC Circuit enables high-performance computing with accelerators (SHA, FFPU, EC) 

Governance 

Moonchain offers DAO-based governance through MCH token holders, who have voting rights on network changes, dApp updates, and protocol management. 

Roadmap 

• 2024–2025: Optimize Ethereum consensus with zk-rollup and BeamSNARKS technology 
• Testnet: dApp testing on Hudson testnet 
• Future: Enhance IoT and AI scalability and expand global DePIN networks 

MCH Token and AI/Data Monetization 

MCH token is central to AI-powered data processing and monetization within Moonchain. It is used for collecting, processing, and analyzing data, enabling users to earn from processed information. Users operating ecosystem-supporting devices or providing data are rewarded with MCH. 

Token Use Cases 

• Operating DePIN gateways and sensors 
• dApp development and staking 
• NFT and sensor token creation 
• XSD stablecoin transactions 

Token Details 

• Token Name: MCH 
• Maximum Supply: 999.99 MCH 
• Usage: Network infrastructure, staking, dApp ecosystem, DePIN operations 
• Distribution: Refer to official sources for detailed allocation 

Ecosystem 

• Moonchain develops a broad ecosystem covering IoT, DePIN, AI, and real-world assets: 
• DePIN Projects: BlueberryRing, Drife, Airo Systems, IoTeX 
• RWA & Real-World Assets: ANGO, RewardsBunny 
• Infrastructure & Launchpad: Drop Wireless, UXUY 
• Developer Tools: Beam Chain Bridge, Hudson Testnet, NFT Marketplace 

Features 

• Hyper-scalable off-chain/on-chain network structure 
• Ultra-fast, low-fee transactions 
• Native dApp ecosystem 
• zkEVM & BeamSNARKS for advanced Ethereum compatibility 
• DePIN infrastructure optimized for IoT and AI 
• XSD stablecoin integration with real-world assets 

Social & Links 

• Website
• Twitter
• Telegram

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What is Lagrange?

Lagrange is a revolutionary blockchain infrastructure project offering the first infinite proof layer working in the zero-knowledge proof (ZK) domain. Thanks to its modular design, it combines both the ZK Prover Network and ZK Coprocessor technologies. These two main components enable cryptographic verification in both blockchain applications and AI systems.

The fuel of the ecosystem is the $LA token. $LA serves as the backbone of the network’s economy through transaction fees, staking, and securing the network.

Core Purpose and How It Works

Lagrange aims to solve four fundamental problems:

• Scalability Barriers: Traditional ZK networks rely on centralized gateway architectures, limiting system scalability.
• Resource Allocation Issues: Existing proof markets have misaligned incentives, causing waste and inefficient pricing.
• Database Limitations: Smart contracts cannot support complex data queries and computations.
• Lack of Verifiable AI: AI outputs must be cryptographically verified to build trust.

To address these, Lagrange creates an efficient resource marketplace with the DARA (Double Auction Resource Allocation) mechanism. Additionally, the DeepProve solution ensures verifiable AI outputs, ushering in a new era.

Founding Structure and Team

Initially developed by Lagrange Labs, the independent Lagrange Foundation was established in May 2025 to ensure long-term sustainability. This foundation supports decentralized governance and ongoing technological advancement. Technical development continues under Lagrange Labs.

Investors and Strategic Partnerships

Lagrange ($LA) made a strong market entry and led an impressive early-stage funding process. The project has raised a total of $17.20 million to reinforce its leadership in zero-knowledge proofs (ZK). Investments focus on advancing the hyper-parallel ZK Coprocessor, State Committee infrastructure, and the verifiable AI solution DeepProve.

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During funding, the Seed round on May 8, 2024 raised $13.20 million, led by Founders Fund. Other investors included CMT Digital, 1kx, Maven 11 Capital, Fenbushi Capital, Archetype Ventures, Volt Capital, and Mantle. The Pre-Seed round on May 18, 2023 raised $4 million with 1kx as the lead investor alongside CMT Digital, Maven 11 Capital, Lattice, and Daedalus.

This strong investor base accelerates $LA’s technological progress and strengthens its position in Web3 infrastructure.

Ecosystem and Use Cases

Lagrange is not just a blockchain infrastructure but a versatile application ecosystem. Key use cases include:

• ZK Rollups: High-volume transaction processing with secure proof production.
• Verifiable AI (DeepProve): Cryptographic proofs ensuring AI outputs are tamper-proof.
• Cross-Chain Verification: Bridge-less data verification across multiple EVM chains.
• Database Operations: ZK Coprocessor enables SQL-based queries and OLTP/OLAP analysis.

Tokenomics: How is $LA Distributed?

$LA has a capped supply of 1 billion tokens and a fixed 4% annual emission rate. Distribution is as follows:

• Community & Ecosystem: 34.78%
• Contributors: 25.39%
• Investors: 18.54%
• Foundation: 11.30%
• Airdrop: 10%

Token unlocking is designed to promote long-term commitment, with early investors and contributors locked for 1 year and then linearly unlocked over 2 years.

$LA Token Utilities

• Transaction Fees: All verification fees are paid directly with $LA.
• Prover Rewards: Proof producers are rewarded exclusively in $LA.
• Staking & Delegation: Users stake $LA to support selected provers.
• Network Security: Underperforming provers are penalized, ensuring security via economic incentives.

Future Vision and Roadmap

Lagrange (LA) aims to establish trust and transparency in the AI era through the verifiable AI solution DeepProve. The project is developing advanced zkML verification tools for LLM inference, training, and fairness proofs.

By 2025, goals include increasing efficiency 5-10x with hyper-parallel ZK proof production and integrating with hardware giants like Intel and NVIDIA. DeepProve targets setting a new standard by offering privacy and scalability in the ZK-AI convergence.

Comparison with Competitors

While Lagrange competes with ZKSync and Polygon in the ZK space, it differentiates itself through:

• Modular Architecture: Infinite scalability with a “network of networks” approach.
• Technical Edge: First ZK infrastructure applying the DARA mechanism.
• Production-Level Network: Reliable system operating with 85+ operators.
• Verifiable AI: Unique DeepProve solution unmatched by rivals.

Official Links

• Official Website
• Whitepaper
• X (Twitter)
• Discord

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Modular Architecture and Technical Infrastructure

Fuel Network is a high-performance, modular Layer-2 execution layer fully compatible with Ethereum. Its structure reduces on-chain congestion, enabling both lower transaction fees and higher throughput. Unlike traditional monolithic blockchains, it introduces an execution-first design. By separating consensus and data layers, it fully implements modular blockchain principles.

Here are the core components that distinguish Fuel Network from traditional Layer-2 solutions:

• Modular Architecture: Execution, consensus, and data availability operate on separate layers, allowing each component to be independently optimized.
• FuelVM: The project’s custom virtual machine, FuelVM, uses a register-based design to achieve faster and more efficient execution.
• UTXO Model: Inspired by Bitcoin, this model enables parallel transaction execution while preventing double-spending.
• Parallel Execution: Processes multiple transactions simultaneously with high security, which is crucial for high TPS.
• Sway: A programming language derived from Rust, Sway is secure, readable, and developer-friendly. It also offers transpiler support for compatibility with Solidity-based projects.

Application Layer and Ecosystem

Fuel Ignition, the network’s first rollup-based implementation, offers the following performance metrics:

• 1-second block times
• 600+ TPS (with Ethereum data availability)
• 21,000+ TPS (with CPU-only execution)
• Compatibility with EIP-4844
• Over 60 active dApps

Highlighted projects within the ecosystem include:

• Mira Exchange – AMM-based DEX
• Swaylend – Lending protocol
• Griffy – Prediction market
• Thunder – NFT platform
• Spark – Order book using predicates
• Fuel Wallet – Official wallet
• Fuel Bridge – Cross-chain bridge

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FuelProver supports a hybrid verification system integrating both Optimistic and Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proof mechanisms, allowing developers to choose their preferred execution verification layer.

Founding Team

The team behind Fuel Network includes influential figures from the Ethereum community:

• John Adler: Known for his work on Optimistic Rollups and a pioneer of the modular blockchain concept.
• Nick Dodson: A seasoned blockchain engineer and entrepreneur leading project governance.

FUEL Tokenomics

FUEL serves as the core utility token for transaction fees, network security, and staking incentives.

• Total Supply: 10.12 billion
• Public Sale Allocation: 470 million (4.64%)
• Initial FDV (Fully Diluted Valuation): $202.49 million
• Inflation Rate: 3% annually

Token distribution:

• Buyers: 33.1%
• Community: 20%
• R&D and Ecosystem: 15.4%
• Others: 16%

By the end of 2024, more than 200,000 users had received an airdrop equal to 10% of the total supply.

Funding Rounds and Financials

Fuel Network has raised a total of $90.9 million to date, with $9.4 million from public sales and $81.5 million from private and strategic rounds.

The strategic round was closed on September 6, 2022, raising $80 million at a $1 billion valuation. Leading investors included:

• Blockchain Capital
• Stratos Technologies
• The Spartan Group
• CoinFund
• Maven 11 Capital
• Bain Capital Crypto

In 2021, CoinFund, Fenbushi Capital, and Origin Capital participated in a seed round totaling $1.5 million.

Public fundraising events were held as follows:

• IEO – Bitget (December 2024): Raised $5.5 million
• ICO – Legion (December 2024): Raised $2.5 million
• IDO – Impossible Finance (December 2024): Raised $1.4 million
• Launchpool – Gate Launchpad (February 2025): Distributed 6.95 million FUEL tokens for free

Future Vision and Decentralization Plan

Fuel Network aims to transition into a fully decentralized sequencer system through phased upgrades:

• Phase 0: 12 proposers, 1 builder
• Phase 1: 100+ proposers, multiple builders
• Phase 2: Up to 10,000 proposers for full scalability

This architecture is ideal for real-time DEXs, on-chain prediction markets, and high-performance blockchain games.

With its modular architecture, high-performance execution, and developer-friendly ecosystem, Fuel Network is one of the most promising solutions for scaling Ethereum. Backed by strong financials, active developer support, and innovative technologies, Fuel Network is poised to become a cornerstone in the Web3 landscape. FUEL is the foundational asset that powers and secures this next-generation network.

Official Links

• Official Website
• Whitepaper
• X (Twitter)
• Discord

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What is Taiko ($TAIKO)?

Taiko ($TAIKO) is an open-source cryptocurrency and an Ethereum-equivalent Zero-Knowledge Rollup (ZK-Rollup) solution. In simple terms, think of Taiko as a high-speed highway that eases Ethereum’s congested traffic. It leverages Ethereum’s robust security and vast ecosystem to deliver faster and more cost-effective transactions.

Taiko operates as a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum, enabling decentralized applications (dApps) to function seamlessly as they would on Ethereum’s mainnet while boosting transaction speed and reducing costs.

Key Features of Taiko

Ethereum Layer 2 Solution

Taiko is built on top of Ethereum as a Layer 2 solution. This allows developers to run existing Ethereum applications on Taiko without any modifications, preserving all of Ethereum’s benefits while offering faster and cheaper transactions.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Taiko utilizes advanced cryptography known as Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP). This technology enables the validation of information without revealing its details. As a result, Taiko processes transactions securely and efficiently while maintaining decentralization and security.

Scalability and Efficiency

Through ZK-Rollup technology, Taiko batches multiple transactions, processes them off-chain, and submits only a summary to Ethereum’s mainnet. This approach reduces network congestion and significantly lowers transaction costs, providing a faster and more economical experience for users.

Versatile Use Cases

Taiko is not limited to a single domain. It supports a wide range of applications, including decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), blockchain gaming, and more. Its Ethereum compatibility ensures seamless integration with existing wallets, tools, and smart contracts.

Cost-Effective Transactions

High gas fees on Ethereum are a common issue for users. Taiko reduces gas costs by approximately 30%, making transactions more affordable, even for smaller operations.

Impressive Performance

Since its launch, Taiko has achieved remarkable success, processing 110 million transactions and engaging with over 1.2 million unique wallet addresses within just 90 days. This demonstrates Taiko’s ability to meet the demand for scalable blockchain solutions.

Competitive Trading Platforms

Platforms like CoinUnited.io offer attractive perks for Taiko traders, including zero trading fees, high leverage options (up to 2000x), and advanced trading tools, making Taiko a compelling choice for investors.

How Does Taiko Work?

Taiko is an innovative Layer 2 scaling solution designed to enhance Ethereum’s performance while preserving security and decentralization. Here’s a simple breakdown of how Taiko operates:

Building on Ethereum’s Infrastructure

Taiko is built on Ethereum’s existing infrastructure and security. Using a “rollup” approach, it bundles multiple transactions and submits them to Ethereum’s mainnet collectively, enabling faster and cheaper transactions.

Security with Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Taiko employs zero-knowledge proofs to validate multiple transactions without revealing their details. This ensures secure, fast, and private transactions, with final verification performed on Ethereum’s mainnet, reducing the processing burden.

Ethereum Compatibility

A standout feature of Taiko is its Ethereum-equivalent ZK-EVM (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine). This allows existing Ethereum applications to run on Taiko without any changes, providing a seamless experience for developers and users.

Fast and Efficient Transaction Processing

When you make a transaction on Taiko:

• The transaction is quickly processed on the Taiko network.
• Multiple transactions are bundled together.
• These transactions are compressed using zero-knowledge proofs.
• The compressed proof is sent to Ethereum for final verification.
  This process is significantly faster and more cost-effective than transacting directly on Ethereum.

Security and Decentralization

Taiko inherits Ethereum’s robust security model. Transactions are protected by Ethereum’s proven security, while Taiko’s permissionless structure allows anyone to participate in the network, upholding the decentralized ethos of blockchain.

Use Cases of Taiko

Taiko, as a Layer 2 solution built on Ethereum with ZK-Rollup technology, offers scalability and efficiency. Here are its diverse use cases:

Scalable Decentralized Applications (dApps)

Developers aim to create dApps that can handle high user traffic while remaining cost-effective and efficient. However, Ethereum’s mainnet often faces congestion and high gas fees. Taiko provides a low-cost, high-speed alternative, enabling developers to scale applications efficiently. Users enjoy faster transactions, lower fees, and a smoother experience.

DeFi Protocols and NFT Marketplaces

DeFi protocols and NFT marketplaces struggle with high gas fees and slow transaction speeds. Taiko supports these operations with full compatibility with Ethereum’s tools and smart contracts, reducing costs and speeding up transactions. This improves user access and increases market liquidity.

Cross-Chain Interoperability

Projects and users seeking to transfer assets or data between blockchain networks face interoperability challenges. Taiko enables seamless transfers between itself and Ethereum, fostering flexibility and enabling complex blockchain applications.

Blockchain Gaming

Blockchain games require speed and cost efficiency for in-game assets and currencies. Traditional networks may fall short, but Taiko’s scalability supports fast, low-cost transactions. This allows players to experience true ownership and developers to create more engaging, cost-effective games.

Ethereum Scaling Solutions

Ethereum-based projects need to increase transaction throughput while cutting costs. Taiko batches transactions off-chain using ZK-Rollup technology while maintaining Ethereum’s security, resulting in more efficient dApps and better user experiences.

Developer Innovation and Hackathons

Developers and entrepreneurs seek platforms to showcase innovative blockchain solutions. Taiko’s hackathons and support programs encourage groundbreaking projects, expanding its ecosystem and driving blockchain innovation.

Why Choose Taiko for These Use Cases

Taiko stands out for these applications due to the following features:

• Ethereum Compatibility: As an Ethereum-equivalent Layer 2 solution, Taiko integrates seamlessly with existing Ethereum tools, wallets, and smart contracts.
• Scalability: ZK-Rollup technology supports high transaction volumes, ideal for DeFi, gaming, and NFT markets.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Lower transaction fees make blockchain interactions accessible to a broader audience.
• Security: By leveraging Ethereum’s robust security model, Taiko ensures a safe environment for decentralized applications.

Taiko Tokenomics

Taiko’s token allocation is as follows:

• 22% DAO Treasury
• 2% Guardian Prover Bonds
• 5% Grants & RetroPGF
• 10% Trailblazer Airdrop
• 1% Protocol Guild Airdrop
• 5% Genesis Airdrop (up to)
• 5% Initial Liquidity & Market Making
• 11.62% Investors
• 20% Taiko Labs / Core Team
• 16.88% Taiko Foundation Reserve
• 1.5% Taiko Official Prover Bonds

Taiko Investors and Backers

Taiko is supported by a strong network of investors and backers. Key names include Hashed Fund, Lightspeed Venture Partners, HongShan (formerly Sequoia China), OKX Ventures, GSR, IOSG Ventures, Mirana Ventures, Amber Group, and Wintermute, participating in Series A and other stages. Additional supporters like Token Bay Capital, Generative Ventures, KuCoin Ventures, and individual angel investors also contribute to the project’s growth.

Taiko Development Roadmap

Taiko’s roadmap outlines the platform’s technical progress and key milestones. Below are the planned updates and events for 2024 and 2025:

Q2 2024

• Taiko Mainnet Launch: Taiko’s mainnet was officially launched.
• Token Generation Event (TGE): The $TAIKO token was created and released to the market.
• Airdrop and CEX Listing: A token airdrop was conducted, and $TAIKO was listed on centralized exchanges (CEXs).

Q3 2024

• Mainnet: Gas Optimization: Achieved a 30% reduction in Layer 1 gas costs, making transactions more cost-effective.
• Testnet: Hekla Upgrade: The Hekla update was implemented on the testnet.
• Testnet: Ontake Hardfork: The Ontake hardfork was executed on the testnet.
• Testnet: zkVM Proof Integration: Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) proofs were integrated into the testnet.

Q4 2024

• Mainnet: Ontake Hardfork: The Ontake hardfork was applied to the mainnet.
• Mainnet: zkVM Proof Integration: zkVM proofs were integrated into the mainnet.
• Devnet: Preconfirmation Demo: A preconfirmation mechanism demo was initiated on the development network.
• Testnet: Decentralized Security Council for Hekla: A decentralized security council for Hekla was established on the testnet.
• Devnet: Gwyneth Launch: The Gwyneth update was launched on the development network.

Q1 2025

• Testnet: Gwyneth Launch: The Gwyneth update was rolled out on the testnet.

Q2 2025

• Mainnet: Decentralized Security Council: A decentralized security council was activated on the mainnet.
• Mainnet: Gwyneth Launch: The Gwyneth update was implemented on the mainnet.

H2 2025

• Q3 2025 – Testnet: Hekla Preconfirmation: The preconfirmation mechanism for Hekla was tested on the testnet.
• Q4 2025 – Mainnet: Preconfirmation: The preconfirmation mechanism was deployed on the mainnet.

Taiko Team

• Daniel Wang: Co-Founder, CEO
• Brecht Devos: Co-Founder, CTO
• Terence Lam: Co-Founder, CSO
• Matthew Finestone: Co-Founder

Official Links

• Taiko Website
• Taiko X (Twitter)
• Taiko Whitepaper

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According to a framework proposed by Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin, Starknet has now reached “Stage 1” decentralization, marking a shift to limited governance and operational independence.

And the timing couldn’t be better — Starknet has also emerged as the largest ZK-rollup-based layer-2 network by total value locked (TVL).

Starknet Leads ZK-Rollups With $629 Million TVL

With a TVL of $629 million, Starknet now outpaces close competitor ZKsync, which holds $610 million, as reported by L2Beat. This positions Starknet at the forefront of ZK-rollup technologies in terms of locked value, making it a benchmark among zero-knowledge scaling solutions.

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The project’s advancement to “Stage 1” decentralization was supported by technical measures like the implementation of a security council and censorship resistance mechanisms. Starknet has also adopted validity proofs, allowing cryptographic verification of all transactions via smart contracts — a core difference from the fraud-proof model used by Optimistic rollups.

Stage 2 In Sight, With Eyes On Bitcoin

StarkWare CEO Eli Ben-Sasson stated that the long-term vision is to reach “Stage 2” decentralization, where the network will be fully autonomous and community-driven. Only a few small layer-2 networks have achieved this so far.

Interestingly, Ben-Sasson also mentioned that Starknet’s ambitions extend to Bitcoin, suggesting parallel development on the world’s largest blockchain.

Currently, the entire layer-2 ecosystem holds around $44.2 billion in value, though it remains down 20% year-to-date. Base, Coinbase’s Optimistic rollup, leads the sector with $14.7 billion in locked assets, accounting for a 33% market share.

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Bsquared Network is the first zero-knowledge proof (zk-proof)-based validity rollup built on the Bitcoin network. Its goal is not only to enhance transaction speed, but also to ensure privacy, scalability, and low transaction costs. Especially with Taproot, using “commitment” and “challenge-response” mechanisms, transactions become more secure and private.

This structure is more than just a technical upgrade; it represents a turning point enabling Bitcoin to go beyond being merely a payment tool. Bsquared Network aims to bring smart contracts, DeFi, NFTs, and more into the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Ethereum Compatibility: EVM Comfort for Developers

In the crypto world, the majority of developers are accustomed to working with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). For this reason, Bsquared Network has been designed to be fully EVM-compatible. This means developers can easily port their existing DApps to the Bitcoin network or build new applications from scratch.

Moreover, it supports both Bitcoin and Ethereum-style addresses, significantly enhancing the user experience. This fusion enables a multi-chain world to seamlessly integrate with Bitcoin.

B² Buzz and B² Hive: Innovative Earning Models

When it comes to user incentives, Bsquared Network stands out. B² Buzz combines traditional staking and mining by introducing a virtual mining machine concept. Participants can deposit BTC, ETH, USDC, and other assets to collect parts of these machines and earn in-ecosystem rewards.

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B² Hive introduces a mechanism for staking Bitcoin. Users can stake BTC to contribute to network security and in return earn B2 token rewards. Additionally, through integration with the Babylon security protocol, a dual-layer security model is implemented. Staked BTC is used both in validation processes and in securing the broader network.

Tokenomics and Investor Backing

With a total supply of 210,000,000 B2, the Bsquared Network token is distributed as follows:

• 10% to investors
• 10% to team and advisors
• 20% for staking rewards (Hive)
• 24% to the ecosystem reserve
• 12% for public sale and listings
• 11% for Bitcoin expansion rewards
• 2% for initial liquidity

Major backers include well-known names like Animoca Brands, HashKey Capital, KuCoin Ventures, OKX Ventures, and The Spartan Group, among others. The IDO is scheduled to launch via Binance Wallet on April 30, 2025.

B2 Token Utility

The B2 token serves not just as a reward mechanism, but as a vital part of the ecosystem. Its current utilities include:

• Paying transaction (gas) fees on B² Hub
• Staking to contribute to network security
• Mainnet incentives (TVL mining)
• Liquidity rewards and discounted transaction fees
• Participating in governance voting

Future utilities are planned to include sequencer staking, staking across additional rollup layers, and expanded governance functionalities.

Official Links

• Whitepaper: BSquared Network Whitepaper
• Discord: BSquared Network Discord
• X (Twitter): BSquared Network X
• Medium: BSquared Network Medium

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